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“And that results in very strong sunshine that produces a brilliant rainbow.” “With the exception of some volcanic haze, we have a very clean atmosphere here because we’re so far away from pollution sources,” says Businger. Additionally, Hawaii is known for its clean marine air. This is unlike places in the Pacific Northwest, for instance, where there is a lot of rain but stratiform clouds block out the sun.
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The mountain peaks force the trade winds from the ocean to rise and cool, creating “an open pattern with rain showers and holes in the clouds for the sun to enter,” explains Businger. The combination of trade winds, cumulus cloud coverage, mountainous terrain, and clean air all contribute to rainbow sightings on the Hawaiian Islands. “I moved to Hawaii in 1993 and I was stunned by how many rainbows there were.”
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Hawaii also has a special lock on rainbow phenomena, Businger argues in his paper. “Can you imagine a rainbow that lasts seven hours? It’s really fun.” Credit: Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society I’ve seen the rainbow start in the morning to the west and it gradually shifts throughout the entire day,” says Businger. “In Manoa Valley there are these misty rains that come into the valley and the winter sun comes down and creates a rainbow. (Far right) The tallest rainbow occurs just after sunrise, followed by shorter rainbow height as the sun rises higher in the sky during the morning, until (far left) the rainbow sets below the horizon when the sun’s angle exceeds 42 degrees. “If the sun is at your back, and you look at the shadow of your head, the rainbow is 42 degrees above that point,” he explains. The refraction and reflection of light results in a 42-degree angle. The more uniform the raindrops are in size, the more brilliant the rainbow, “where the colors are more distinct,” explains Businger. Since each color wavelength has different energies, they refract at slightly different angles, allowing the colors to separate out into the spectrum we see in a rainbow. The light waves refract as it enters the drop, reflect off the back of the drop, and then refract once more as it leaves the droplet. The droplet bends (refracts) and bounces (reflects) light. The recipe for a rainbow is quite simple, says Businger: On a basic level, “you need some sunshine and you need some rain.”Įach drop in a rain shower acts as a mini prism. “For many people, it really captures their attention.” “I have had a fascination with atmospheric optics since I was a kid and rainbows are a jaw-dropping, beautiful phenomenon,” he says. These fantastic beams of color are atmospheric optical effects, explains Businger, which he describes in a recent paper published in the journal Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. Businger is a rainbow chaser-he’s flown in helicopters, hiked up misty volcanic peaks, and run out of his home in the middle of breakfast to photograph a double rainbow. That bird’s eye view is just one of many observations Businger has made to better understand the physics, geometry, and optics behind these natural wonders. Shoal Harbour River: coastal water to a point 25 metres below dam.Related Segment The Rainbow Connection-To Physics Season Dates: September 8–October 7, 2021Ĭondition: Rainbow trout may be retained in scheduled rainbow trout waters. Season Dates for Scheduled Waters Season Dates: June 1–September 7, 2021Ĭondition: All species of trout may be retained in scheduled rainbow trout waters, Shoal Harbour River and Lower Shoal Harbour River as part of the daily bag limit.
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